The unreliability of the first and last observed instances of these objects is explained through the Signor–Lipps effect. Ichnologists (“ick-NOL-uh-jists”) study so-called “trace” examples of these objects, which provide the primary evidence for the substrate revolution. The relative ordering of these objects are considered (-5[1])when invoking the law of faunal succession. Stratigraphic correlation may be performed using easily identifiable examples of these objects with short temporal range and wide geographic (-5[1])distribution. (10[1])Lagerstätten of these objects (10[1])include the Burgess Shale and La Brea Tar Pits. For 10 points, graptolites (10[1])and brachiopods are examples of the “index” type of what (10[1])preserved remains of past organisms? ■END■ (10[2])