In V. vulnificus, this process cannot be performed on oxyR (“ox”-E-R) mutants without catalase activity, suggesting that clearance of reactive oxygen species is required for this process to be possible. In response to environmental stress, cells may enter a state called VBNC in which they are resistant to this process. The label Candidatus is given to phyla of organisms for which this process has not been performed, but have been characterized through metagenomics. An anomaly called the GPCA is explained by the fact that this process cannot be performed on 99% of (*) bacteria. This process is difficult to perform on bacteria that are described as ■END■ (10[1])