Question

An algorithm for finding these things with provably optimal but unknown runtime was developed by Pettie and Ramachandran. Another algorithm for finding these things that features an inverse Ackermann function in its complexity (15[1])analysis prompted Bernard Chazelle to develop the soft heap. For any cut, the crossing edge with the lowest weight is part of one of these things. (15[1])There are [read slowly] “n to the power of n minus two” of these constructs in a complete graph according to (-5[1])(*) Cayley’s theorem. The edge with the lowest weight that does not form a cycle is (10[1])iteratively removed in one algorithm (10[1])for finding (-5[1])these (10[1])things. The “minimum” form of these things is outputted by Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms. For 10 points, name these acyclic structures that connect all vertices of a (0[3])graph. ■END■

ANSWER: minimum spanning trees [accept MST; accept forest in place of “tree”; prompt on forests; prompt on trees]
<Alex Li, Other Science>
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Buzzes

PlayerTeamOpponentBuzz PositionValue
Adam FineChicago ANotre Dame B3215
Coby TranChicago BNotre Dame C5815
Jiping FangIllinois CSIUE79-5
Michael HundingIllinois AMinnesota9410
Yash MandaviaIllinois BWUSTL9910
Zach JosephNotre Dame AIndiana B101-5
Alex AkridgeIndiana ANorthwestern A10210
Trenton BurgessIndiana BNotre Dame A1290
Stephen WalshNorthwestern BPurdue1290
David MathewPurdueNorthwestern B1290

Summary

2024 Penn Bowl UNC10/26/2024Y367%33%0%66.50
2024 Penn Bowl Florida10/26/2024Y2100%100%0%63.50
2024 Penn Bowl Harvard10/26/2024Y475%25%75%101.33
2024 Penn Bowl UK10/26/2024Y5100%60%20%79.00
2024 Penn Bowl Berkeley11/02/2024Y2100%100%0%46.50
2024 Penn Bowl Mainsite11/02/2024Y367%33%67%98.50
2024 Penn Bowl CWRU11/02/2024Y450%25%25%69.50
2024 Penn Bowl Chicago11/02/2024Y863%25%25%77.00
2024 Penn Bowl Texas11/02/2024Y250%0%0%101.00