The characteristics of these devices are adjusted during operation with an on-load tap changer. Lamination is introduced into these devices to minimize eddy current losses. (15[1])The open-circuit and short-circuit tests are used to determine losses in these devices and model them as a cantilever or T-circuit after referring impedances to one side. Non-ideal versions of these devices have losses due to (*) hysteresis and non-infinite permeability, as well as copper wiring and leakage flux. Since they rely on a (-5[1])conserved flow of magnetic flux, the emf ratio of these devices equals the ratio between the number of windings the (-5[1])primary and secondary coils have around the magnetic (10[1])core. For 10 points, name these devices used in power grids to step up or step down voltages. (10[2]0[2])■END■