Lisa Jane Disch argued that this type of system is a “catchphrase” rather than an empirical institution in her book on The Tyranny of [this type of system]. The “cube law” of representation is only applicable in this type of system, as discussed by Rein Taagepera. A certain rule must support this type of system if it is non-manipulable and non-dictatorial by the Gibbard-Satterthwaite (-5[1])theorem. This type of system promotes a “funnel of causality” that leads to entrenched (*) identification in the original formulation of the Michigan model. The efficiency gap calculates the number of “wasted” votes in this type of system. In contrast to proportional representation, plurality voting systems tend to lead to this type of system by Duverger’s law. For 10 points, name this type of political system, exemplified by the relative power of the Democrats and Republicans in the U.S. (10[1])■END■