Plots of data from these phenomena may be bowtie-shaped due to triplications. Dziewonski and Anderson published an empirical 1D model of parameters of these phenomena as the PREM. Gaps due to LVZs appear in travel-time curves of these phenomena. Stacking data is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of certain phases of these phenomena, such as PKJKP and PKP. Surface examples of these phenomena corresponding to toroidal and spheroidal modes are named for Love and Rayleigh. (10[1]-5[1])The (10[1])absence of one type of these phenomena in the “shadow zone” indicated that the outer core is liquid. Primary examples of these phenomena speed up sharply at the Moho discontinuity (10[1])and travel faster than their S-type. For 10 points, (10[1])name these disturbances that propagate outward from the epicenter of an earthquake. ■END■ (10[1])