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As stated by Waldo Tobler, the “first law of geography” finds the relatedness of two places to be proportional to this variable, driving its namesake “decay.” For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this variable whose “friction” underlies the importance of cost path analyses that aim to minimize this variable. For two points on a map, this variable can be estimated using the map’s scale.
ANSWER: distance [accept similar answers like proximity or nearness; accept graph distance; accept distance decay or friction of distance]
[10h] This most common geostatistical interpolation method assumes positive spatial autocorrelation, meaning that closer data points are most similar. ArcGIS models autocorrelation with a semivariogram (“semi-vario-gram”) when using this technique.
ANSWER: kriging (“KREEG-ing”) [or word forms of krige]
[10m] This proponent of New Economic Geography used friction of distance theories in his core–periphery model to explain why industries localize due to transportation costs. He won a Nobel Prize in Economics for that analysis in 2008.
ANSWER: Paul Krugman [or Paul Robin Krugman]
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Berkeley AStanford A100010
Berkeley BBerkeley C100010
Stanford BStanford C10101030