A shared origin for these structures was the synapomorphy of Cavalier-Smith’s proposed sixth kingdom, whose members include the modern Alveolata in the SAR clade. The independent development of these structures in Paulinella 200 million years ago has resulted in loss of phagocytic (10[1])ability. In P. falciparum, post-translational addition of both a signal peptide and a transit peptide provides localization to these structures inside the rough ER. Fixation has allowed these structures to retain enzymes in the MEP pathway. These structures may use both Sec61 and the (-5[1])Toc/Tic (“tock-tick”) complex (10[1]-5[2])to translocate (10[1])proteins (-5[1])across their two-to-four (-5[1])membranes. (10[1])The trend of genome loss from these structures (10[1])is essentially complete in the parasitic genus Rafflesia. (-5[1])For 10 points, name this category of organelle (-5[2])derived from the endosymbiosis (10[1]-5[1])of cyanobacteria. (10[4])■END■ (10[10]0[7])