This thinker was influenced by Anne Conway’s “spirit particles” to write a book that calls perception mechanically inexplicable, and compares a thinking machine to the inside of a mill. This thinker’s law states that two objects that share all their properties cannot be distinct; that law is also called the identity of indiscernibles. This thinker described “windowless” particles in the (10[1])book Monadology (“moh-NAH-daw-logy”). Voltaire satirized this thinker as the optimistic Dr. Pangloss in Candide (“can-DEED”) due to his claim that “we live in the best of all possible worlds.” For 10 points, the use of dx (“dee-ex”) in derivative notation was developed by what German thinker, who discovered calculus independently of Newton? ■END■