Nils Christie found that these institutions in Scandinavian countries are ideologically rooted in folkevett, instead of a culture of absolute power. Michelle Alexander argued that the role of these institutions contributes to a racial caste system in her book (10[1])The New Jim Crow. Using examples of these non-medical institutions at Neufchatel and Mettray, Michel Foucault argued that they normalize social control. A model for these institutions devised by Jeremy Bentham used a rotunda with a single surveillance point known as the panopticon. For 10 points, recidivism rates measure how often former occupants of what institutions return to them after committing crimes? ■END■