Question
Answer the following about ways that cells propagate signals faster than molecular diffusion, for 10 points each.
[10e] In neurons, slow chemical signals are converted into fast electrical currents to propel down these long myelin-insulated wires that synapse with dendrites.
ANSWER: axons
[10m] To amplify and accelerate signal transduction, cells cascade protein phosphorylation by using this compound as a high-energy phosphate donor. G proteins hydrolyze this compound in molecular switches.
ANSWER: GTP [or guanosine triphosphate; reject “guanosine” or “guanine” or “guanine triphosphate” or “GDP” or “guanosine diphosphate”]
[10h] These proteins increase the diffusion rate by co-localizing enzymes in a pathway to a smaller part of the cell. Huntingtin acts as one of these proteins for DNA repair.
ANSWER: protein scaffolds [or scaffolding proteins]
<Adam Silverman, Science - Biology> ~20894~ <Editor: Adam Silverman>
Summary
| 2023 PACE NSC | 06/10/2023 | Y | 1 | 20.00 | 100% | 100% | 0% |
Data
| Barrington A | Thomas Jefferson A | 10 | 10 | 0 | 20 |