A CCD camera and a laser measure the properties of these substances in the CLidar (KLYE-dar) technique. A quantity characterizing these substances is denoted by lowercase g and is calculated by an intensity-weighted integral over all azimuthal angles. NASA's MODIS instrument measures the asymmetry parameter and optical depth of these substances, which may be classified into an “accumulation mode” or a “coarse mode” based on size. In aggregate, the anthropogenic (*) “loading” of these substances has produced a net negative radiative forcing, in part (10[1])since these substances directly scatter sunlight and provide nuclei for cloud condensation. (-5[1])Volcanic eruptions produce “primary” examples of, for 10 points, what collections of atmospheric particulate matter, a type of colloid in which (10[1])a solid is dispersed in a gas? (10[1])■END■