Question

If heated above a critical “freezing temperature,” these systems transition to an ordered structure. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name these systems which exhibit geometrical frustration and are described by the Edwards-Anderson model. They consist of a lattice of magnetic dipoles with random alignment.
ANSWER: spin glasses
[10e] One can characterize the phase transition to a spin glass by computing the average of this quantity, which equals negative kT times the average of the log of the partition function. This quantity named for a German scientist is defined as “U minus TS.”
ANSWER: Helmholtz free energy [reject “Gibbs free energy” or “energy”]
[10h] Computing the average of the logarithm of the partition function is hard, but, amazingly, it's somehow easier to use this technique, where you make n identical copies of the system, instead compute the average of the partition function raised to the n power, minus 1, all over n, then take the limit as n approaches zero.
ANSWER: replica trick [or replica method]
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Milan et al.Cameron et al.010010
Parth et al.The Vulture's Guide to Buzz0000
The Passion According to C.H.Neg 5! Playing Quizbowl, Liddy Style10101030