A 1993 BAMS (“bams”) paper by Crum and Alberty details specs for a common type of these scientific instruments, the WSR-88D. A quantity measured by these non-microscope scientific instruments is held equal to 200 times R to the 1.6 power in a formula named for Marshall and Palmer. These scientific instruments measure the Z used in Z-R relations, which is typically reported in dBZ (“d-b-z”). Better resolution may be achieved using the newer dual pol (*) (“pole”) variety of these scientific instruments, which can be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook echoes on the right-rear flank of supercells. (10[2])These scientific instruments may be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook echoes on the right-rear flank of supercells. Base reflectivity measured by these scientific instruments can be viewed on the NWS website, where it is overlaid with warning polygons. For 10 points, what scientific instruments’ Doppler form (-5[1])is used to detect precipitation using microwaves and radio waves? ■END■ (10[1])