The expected value of this quantity is calculated using the capital allocation line, whose slope is the Sharpe ratio. When modeling for a non-zero value for this quantity, the capital allocation line is instead substituted for the efficient frontier. This quantity is plotted on the x-axis of the capital asset pricing model. The negative second derivative of the utility function over the first derivative is equal to the Arrow–Pratt measure of minimizing this quantity. Harry Markowitz developed modern portfolio theory as a method of minimizing (10[1])this quantity. (10[1])Hedging and diversifying a portfolio are two ways (10[1])to minimize this quantity. (-5[1])For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized beta, which measures the uncertainty of an investment. ■END■ (0[1])