At a large enough incidence angle, the reflection of these phenomena involves three of them, with the third being a so-called “stem” that is depicted as a small curve touching the vertical axis on the theta-p plane. The impact of these phenomena is lessened by Küchemann carrots. The rule that these phenomena are lessened when cross-sectional area changes smoothly was put forth by Richard T. Whitcomb. The tangent of the deflection angle caused by these phenomena equals a complicated expression of beta, M, and the heat capacity ratio. Across one of these phenomena, the product of density and flow velocity is constant, as specified by one of the Rankine–Hugoniot (“RANG-keen-OO-gohn-yoh”) conditions. These phenomena cause discontinuities in density, pressure, and flow velocity. When a flow hits a concave corner, the oblique type of these phenomena occur. For 10 points, name these propagations that travel faster than the speed of sound. ■END■ (0[2])