This book describes “naïve monism,” in which no distinction is made between natural and normative laws, as the first step in a process that ends with “critical dualism.” This book presents Alfred North Whitehead and Arnold J. Toynbee as exponents of irrationalism, as opposed to the rationalism that is compatible with the “piecemeal social engineering” that this book defends. (10[1])This book’s first volume critiques a philosopher for posing the problem of politics as the question “Who should rule?” and for defining justice as that which is good for the state. (-5[1])This book’s chapter title “Has (10[1])History Any Meaning?” is answered in the negative as a rebuke to thinkers like Hegel and Marx. This book warns about the risk of totalitarianism inherent in the historicism (10[1])of those who fall under (10[1])the “spell of Plato.” (10[1]-5[2])For 10 points, (10[1])name this defense of liberal democracy (10[1]-5[1])by Karl (10[1])Popper. (10[2])■END■ (10[6])