Upon receiving a uevent (“U-event”), udev (“U-dev”) loads one of these programs by calling modprobe with the contents of MODALIAS (“mod-alias”). In cooked mode, one of these programs passes input to a line discipline, which then sends data to another one of these programs, as explained in the article “The TTY demystified.” These programs define a table of function pointers, usually including poll and select, in accordance with the file_operations (-5[1])(“file-operations”) struct. Pairs of major and minor numbers identify interfaces to these programs called special files. (-5[2])Whether these programs transmit data byte-by-byte (-5[1])in order or whether (10[1])they send data as randomly accessed chunks (-5[1])determines if they are classified as “character” or “block.” Although these (-5[1])programs can be implemented (-5[1])in user space, traditionally (-5[1])they are kernel modules that control I/O (“I-O”). For 10 points, (-5[1])name these programs used by operating systems (10[1]-5[1])to communicate with hardware (10[2]-5[1])devices. (10[3])■END■ (10[9]0[7])