The atmosphere’s effect on these phenomena is estimated using the 8-parameter Klobuchar model. If a certain quantity decreases more than 40 N-units per kilometer, these phenomena undergo “superstandard” propagation, which is often the result of atmospheric ducting. Alfred Norton names a type of these phenomena that propagate through the ground and therefore undergo (-5[1])little (10[1])attenuation. These phenomena refract off the ionosphere in skip propagation. A system established by the ITU organizes these phenomena into bands given labels like ULF (10[1])and VHF. Through trilateration, GPS systems send and receive these phenomena from several GPS satellites to establish their own location. For 10 points, name these long-wavelength electromagnetic waves transmitted in FM and AM (10[1])forms. (10[1])■END■