A derivation by this scientist is often mythologized as a “swindle” since it fudged away a divergence introduced by the background density. For 10 points each:
[10m] What scientist names an instability that drives gravitational contraction of molecular clouds, leading to star formation?
ANSWER: James Hopwood Jeans [accept Jeans swindle or Jeans instability]
[10e] Including this term in Jeans’s derivation makes his swindle unnecessary. Albert Einstein introduced this fudge factor into his field equations to ensure a static universe, then repudiated it, but was finally vindicated by the discovery of dark energy.
ANSWER: the cosmological constant [prompt on uppercase lambda]
[10h] The developers of this theory accounted only for overdensities, so they introduced a fudge factor of 2 to make an integral come out to 1. This empirically successful formalism predicts the number of large-scale structures with a given mass in a given volume of the Universe.
ANSWER: the Press–Schechter formalism [or Press–Schechter theory; prompt on PS formalism or PS theory]
<GC, Other Science>