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These structures can be accessed using microtags in implementations of “way prediction” within them. A common instance of the thundering herd problem in distributed systems is these structures’ namesake “stampede” under load. A circular doubly-linked list is often used to implement the LRU replacement policy within these structures. Conflict, compulsory, capacity, and coherence are the four primary types of “misses” in these structures. These structures lie immediately below registers in the memory hierarchy, and in modern CPUs they are divided into L1, L2, and L3 levels. For 10 points, name these structures that temporarily store data for fast access, which web browser users may frequently “clear.” ■END■
| 2025 ACF Nationals | 2025-08-09 | Y | 14 | 93% | 0% | 43% | 89.23 |
| North | Main | Y | 10 | 100% | 0% | 20% | 76.40 |
| Overflow | Main | Y | 3 | 100% | 0% | 33% | 94.33 |
| Pacific Northwest | Main | Y | 10 | 100% | 0% | 10% | 57.40 |
| Florida | Main | Y | 13 | 100% | 0% | 31% | 85.92 |
| Upper Mid-Atlantic | Main | Y | 8 | 100% | 0% | 63% | 92.50 |
| Upstate NY | Main | Y | 8 | 88% | 0% | 25% | 77.29 |
| Southeast | Main | Y | 11 | 100% | 0% | 9% | 66.82 |
| Player | Team | Opponent | Buzz Position | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjamin Chapman | Toronto A | Toronto B | 40 | -5 |
| Kevin Peng | Cornell-UG | Dartmouth | 42 | 10 |
| Aaryan Tomar | Georgia Tech B | Vanderbilt B | 42 | 10 |
| Atharv Chowdhary | Brown A | Harvard | 44 | 10 |
| Dennis Yang | Michigan B | Indiana B | 45 | 10 |
| Devon Kumar | Tufts B | Tufts A | 45 | 10 |
| Skand Parvatikar | Arizona State A | Texas A | 46 | 10 |
| Adil Soubki | Cambridge D | Southampton B | 46 | 10 |
| Cranmer McGinn | McMaster C | Queen's A | 47 | -5 |
| Anirudh Bharadwaj | Penn A | George Mason A | 47 | 10 |
| Mattias Ehatamm | Maryland A | Johns Hopkins A | 47 | 10 |
| Yash Mandavia | Illinois A | Louisville B | 47 | 10 |
| David Thomas | Purdue C | Notre Dame B | 47 | 10 |
| Kevin Yang | Illinois C | Louisville A | 47 | 10 |
| Ezra Santos | Chicago A | Notre Dame D | 47 | 10 |
| Peter Ballas | Michigan D | Kentucky | 47 | 10 |
| Grace Ma | Brown C | Brandeis Clemenceau | 47 | 10 |
| Nathan Sheffield | MIT A | Amherst A | 47 | 10 |
| Michael Sun | Brandeis Lloyd George | Brown B | 47 | -5 |
| Gus Redding | Imperial B | Bristol B | 47 | -5 |
| Zoë McGuire | Oxford B | Durham A | 47 | -5 |
| Asha Basu | McGill A | Guelph A | 49 | 10 |
| Pranav Jothi | Georgia Tech A | Georgia Tech C | 49 | 10 |
| Nicholas Enbar-Salo | Bowdoin B | BC B | 50 | 10 |
| Charlie Lowman | Imperial A | Birmingham A | 50 | -5 |
| Oliver West | Cambridge C | Lancaster A | 52 | -5 |
| Franklin Wu | Toronto C | McMaster A | 56 | 10 |
| Matthew Wozniak | Michigan C | Chicago B | 56 | 10 |
| Samir Sarma | Georgia Tech D | Vanderbilt A | 59 | -5 |
| Kai Madgwick | Manchester A | Oxford A | 59 | -5 |
| Anthony Gagliano | McGill B | Toronto K | 62 | 10 |
| Fern Fang | VCU A | George Mason B | 62 | 10 |
| Davis Johnson | Purdue B | Michigan A | 62 | -5 |
| Anne Fjeld | Alberta B | Northwestern A | 62 | -5 |
| Sean Yang | Waterloo | Guelph B | 64 | 10 |
| Alex Akridge | Indiana A | UIC | 64 | 10 |
| Omer Korkmaz | Johns Hopkins B | Maryland D | 72 | -5 |
| Eric Lipsutz | Chicago D | Notre Dame A | 72 | 10 |
| Brody Davidow | George Washington A | Catholic University | 73 | 10 |
| Leonard Castine | Penn B | Georgetown A | 77 | 10 |
| Will McCurley | Auburn A | Bruin A | 80 | 10 |
| Kelvin Ni | NYU B | Notre Dame E | 81 | 10 |
| Ben Richards | Sheffield B | City St George's A | 81 | 10 |
| James Fan | Toronto J | Toronto Metropolitan | 82 | 10 |
| Nathan Zhao | Maryland C | George Washington B | 82 | 10 |
| Braden Booth | Missouri A | SIUE | 82 | 10 |
| Andres Cordoba | Yale B | BC A | 82 | 10 |
| Akshansh Chauhan | UTD A | Iowa | 82 | 10 |
| Abhinav Dinesh | LSE B | Manchester B | 82 | 10 |
| Rayhana Amjad | Edinburgh A | LSE A | 82 | 10 |
| Kevin Liu | Maryland B | Georgetown B | 83 | 10 |
| Swapneel Mandal | UAB A | Mississippi State A | 83 | 10 |
| Jason Hatfield | Huntsville B | Sewanee A | 83 | 10 |
| Nikhil Nair | BU | MIT B | 84 | 10 |
| Spencer Thomas | Yale A | Williams | 84 | 10 |
| Joel Dicker | Southampton A | Sheffield C | 84 | 10 |
| Stuart Chandler-Baas | Carleton | Toronto H | 85 | 10 |
| Adithya Parat | McMaster B | Queen's B | 85 | 10 |
| Athan Juritsch | Toronto D | Ottawa | 85 | -5 |
| Jacob Puthipiroj | Northwestern A | Alberta B | 85 | 10 |
| Aisling Skeet | Durham A | Oxford B | 85 | 10 |
| Hiten Umarnani | Imperial C | Durham B | 85 | 10 |
| Camden Walker | WashU B | Truman State | 95 | 10 |
| Kevin Flanagan | Bristol A | Warwick B | 95 | 10 |
| Alex Hayes | Warwick A | Sheffield A | 96 | -5 |
| Siddhant Kumar | Edinburgh B | Cambridge A | 97 | 10 |
| Cameron Liu | Toronto I | McGill C | 98 | -5 |
| Jarman Taylor | Johns Hopkins C | UMBC A | 98 | -5 |
| Alex Dzurick | William Woods | WashU D | 98 | -5 |
| Young Fenimore Lee | Ohio | Arizona State B | 98 | -5 |
| Amiya Zope | UTD B | Tulsa | 98 | -5 |
| Mitchell Hacket | UCO | Northwestern B | 98 | -5 |
| Devito Stevanus | McGill D | Texas B | 98 | -5 |
| Coy Mier | Auburn B | Huntsville A | 98 | -5 |
| Davin Sivertson | Alabama B | Alabama A | 98 | 10 |
| Yashwanth Bajji | Michigan A | Purdue B | 102 | 10 |
| James Xiao | Toronto E | Western Ontario | 104 | 10 |
| Jisoo Yoo | Texas B | McGill D | 104 | 10 |
| Eames Weeks | Brown B | Brandeis Lloyd George | 105 | 10 |
| Jack Granahan | Brandeis Orlando | Brandeis Wilson | 105 | 10 |
| Jarrod Curl | Tulsa | UTD B | 105 | 10 |
| Eveline Ong | Oxford A | Manchester A | 105 | 10 |
| Ian Theysmeyer | Queen's A | McMaster C | 106 | 10 |
| Jason Zhang | Toronto B | Toronto A | 106 | 10 |
| Larry Sun | McGill C | Toronto I | 106 | 10 |
| Jesse Chusing | Ottawa | Toronto D | 106 | 10 |
| Platon Gorokhov | Toronto F | Toronto G | 106 | 10 |
| Asher Lyons | Maryland D | Johns Hopkins B | 106 | 10 |
| Sayan Chandaroy | UMBC A | Johns Hopkins C | 106 | 10 |
| Theodor Martin | WashU D | William Woods | 106 | 10 |
| Aditya Rajesh | Northwestern B | UCO | 106 | 10 |
| Ruby Xia | Arizona State B | Ohio | 106 | 10 |
| Jeremy Mau | Northwestern C | Rose State | 106 | 0 |
| Cassidy McIntyre | Rose State | Northwestern C | 106 | 10 |
| Kad Daniels | Huntsville A | Auburn B | 106 | 0 |
| Gavin Markoff | Vanderbilt A | Georgia Tech D | 106 | 10 |
| Eoin Neale | Lancaster A | Cambridge C | 106 | 10 |
| Jake Wingfield | Bristol B | Imperial B | 106 | 0 |
| Zhangir Satzhanov | Birmingham A | Imperial A | 106 | 10 |
| Abdelrahman Elsisi | Sheffield A | Warwick A | 106 | 10 |