protons - 2025 ACF Winter - Buzzpoints App

Question

These particles make up about 90 percent of cosmic rays. For 10 points each:

[10e] What particles name the “chain” that low-mass stars use to fuse helium? One of these particles is equivalent to a hydrogen nucleus.

ANSWER: protons [accept proton–proton chain; prompt on p or p–p chain]

[10h] Protons can interact with photons to emit these particles, which is the basis for the GZK limit on the energy of cosmic rays. The electromagnetic component of cosmic ray air showers is produced when a neutral one of these particles decays into two photons.

ANSWER: pions [or pi mesons; prompt on mesons]

[10m] Proton–photon collisions can also form pions in these highly relativistic outflows pointed along the axes of active galactic nuclei. Blazars are quasars with one of these phenomena pointed towards Earth.

ANSWER: relativistic jets

<Editors, Physics>

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Summary


California	Main	Y	4	20.00	100%	75%	25%
Canada	Main	Y	6	16.67	100%	33%	33%
Great Lakes	Main	Y	6	13.33	83%	33%	17%
Lower Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	7	8.57	71%	0%	14%
Midwest	Main	Y	10	10.00	80%	10%	10%
Northeast	Main	Y	5	12.00	80%	20%	20%
Overflow	Main	Y	4	10.00	100%	0%	0%
Pacific Northwest	Main	Y	10	16.00	100%	40%	20%
South Central	Main	Y	5	10.00	80%	20%	0%
Southeast	Main	Y	12	14.17	75%	33%	33%
UK	Main	Y	4	15.00	75%	50%	25%
Upper Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	8	11.25	63%	38%	13%
Upstate NY	Main	Y	8	15.00	100%	25%	25%
2024 ARCADIA at UC Berkeley	04/19/2025	Y	1	20.00	100%	0%	100%

Data


Berkeley B	Berkeley E	10	0	10	20
Berkeley A	Stanford A	10	0	0	10
Stanford B	Stanford C	10	10	10	30
Berkeley C	Berkeley D	10	0	10	20
USC	UCLA A	10	0	10	20
Claremont Scripps	Claremont Pitzer	10	10	10	30
UCLA C	UCSD Vices and Virtues	10	0	0	10
UCLA D	UCSB	10	10	0	20
UCSD What Hath God Wrought	UCI	10	0	0	10
ERAU B	ERAU A	10	0	0	10
FSU	Melbourne A	10	0	0	10
UCF A	FIU	10	10	10	30
UF A	UCF B	10	0	0	10
UF B	UF E	10	0	10	20
USF	Melbourne B	0	0	0	0
UCSD Two Running Violet V Forms	UCLA B	10	0	0	10
Pitt B	CWRU D	0	0	0	0
CWRU B	MSU A	10	0	0	10
OSU A	OSU D	10	0	0	10
OSU B	CWRU A	10	0	0	10
Pitt A	OSU C	10	10	0	20
Kenyon B	Pitt C	0	0	0	0
Virginia Tech B	North Carolina C	10	0	0	10
South Carolina A	Clemson A	10	10	0	20
Clemson B	Liberty C	10	0	0	10
Liberty A	North Carolina A	10	0	0	10
James Madison	Liberty B	0	0	0	0
NC State	Roanoke	10	0	0	10
South Carolina B	Virginia B	10	0	0	10
Virginia Tech A	Tennessee A	10	0	10	20
Tusculum	Tennessee B	0	0	0	0
North Carolina B	Virginia A	10	0	0	10
MSU B	Kenyon A	10	0	0	10
Columbia A	Columbia C	0	0	0	0
Columbia B	Rowan A	10	10	0	20
Rutgers B	Lehigh A	10	0	10	20
Rutgers C	Vassar A	10	0	0	10
Swarthmore A	Lehigh B	10	0	0	10
Missouri A	WashU A	10	0	0	10
Truman State	WashU C	10	0	0	10
William Woods	WashU D	10	0	0	10
WashU B	Missouri B	10	0	0	10
Chicago B	UIC	10	0	0	10
Illinois A	Chicago C	10	10	10	30
Illinois B	Kentucky	10	0	10	20
Michigan A	Illinois C	10	10	0	20
Michigan C	Indiana A	10	0	0	10
Indiana B	Louisville B	10	0	0	10
Notre Dame C	Michigan B	10	0	0	10
Notre Dame D	Michigan D	10	0	0	10
Chicago A	Purdue A	10	0	10	20
Purdue B	Louisville A	10	0	10	20
Carleton	Minnesota A	10	0	0	10
Macalester B	Macalester A	10	0	0	10
Minnesota B	Minnesota C	0	0	0	0
Wisconsin	Nebraska	10	0	10	20
BU	Brown C	10	10	10	30
Bowdoin A	BC B	10	0	0	10
Bowdoin B	Amherst B	0	0	0	0
MIT B	Brandeis Clemenceau	0	10	10	20
Tufts A	Brandeis Lloyd George	10	0	0	10
BC A	Brandeis Wilson	10	0	0	10
Amherst A	Brown A	0	0	0	0
Tufts B	Brown B	10	10	0	20
Williams	Cornell-UG	10	0	10	20
MIT A	Harvard	10	10	10	30
Yale A	Dartmouth	10	0	0	10
Yale B	Brandeis Orlando	10	0	0	10
Iowa State	St. Thomas	10	0	0	10
British Columbia C	Alberta	0	0	0	0
British Columbia B	British Columbia A	10	0	0	10
Simon Fraser	British Columbia D	10	10	10	30
Washington A	Washington B	10	0	10	20
Rose State	Tulsa	10	0	0	10
Iowa	Northwestern C	0	0	10	10
McGill D	Alberta B	10	0	0	10
Northwestern A	Arizona State A	0	10	10	20
Northwestern B	Texas A	10	0	0	10
UTD B	Ohio	10	0	0	10
Arizona State B	UTD A	0	0	10	10
UCO	Texas B	10	0	0	10
Mississippi State A	Auburn B	10	0	0	10
Vanderbilt A	Georgia Tech A	10	0	0	10
Georgia Tech B	Bruin A	10	0	0	10
Georgia Tech C	Georgia Tech D	10	0	0	10
Huntsville B	Alabama B	10	0	10	20
Alabama A	Sewanee A	10	10	0	20
Huntsville A	UAB A	10	0	10	20
Auburn A	Vanderbilt B	10	10	0	20
RIT B	Cornell-DII	10	10	0	20