cosmological - 2025 ACF Fall

Question

A principle named for this adjective is rejected by David Wiltshire’s timescape theory, which may provide a heterodox solution to the Hubble tension. For 10 points each:

[10m] What adjective names the principle that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous? Einstein called a constant named for this adjective and symbolized with a capital lambda his “greatest blunder.”

ANSWER: cosmological [accept cosmological principle; accept cosmological constant]

[10h] Assuming the cosmological principle, the Einstein Field Equations yield this metric. The spatial components of this metric are multiplied by the square of the scale factor a.

ANSWER: Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric [or FLRW or FRW metric; or Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric; or Friedmann–Lemaître metric; or FL metric]

[10e] This field’s slight anisotropy was observed by the WMAP and Planck satellites. This “relic radiation” pervades the universe and provides evidence for the Big Bang.

ANSWER: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation [or CMBR]

<Editors, Other Science>

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Summary


Northern California	Main	Y	4	15.00	100%	50%	0%
Southern California	Main	Y	6	16.67	100%	67%	0%
Eastern Canada (1)	Main	Y	5	12.00	80%	40%	0%
Eastern Canada (2)	Main	Y	9	11.11	67%	44%	0%
Florida	Main	Y	3	6.67	33%	33%	0%
Great Lakes	Main	Y	11	11.82	64%	55%	0%
Lower Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	9	8.89	44%	44%	0%
Upper Mid-Atlantic	Main	Y	12	11.67	83%	33%	0%
Midwest	Main	Y	9	13.33	89%	44%	0%
North	Main	Y	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
Northeast	Main	Y	12	12.50	67%	50%	8%
Pacific	Main	Y	8	8.75	63%	25%	0%
South Central	Main	Y	7	8.57	57%	29%	0%
Southeast	Main	Y	12	12.50	75%	50%	0%
UK (North)	UK	Y	5	12.00	100%	20%	0%
UK (South)	UK	Y	8	13.75	88%	50%	0%
Upstate NY	Main	Y	5	14.00	100%	40%	0%
Northern California	Main	N	5	14.00	100%	40%	0%
Southern California	Main	N	3	16.67	100%	67%	0%
Eastern Canada	Main	N	10	20.00	100%	90%	10%
Florida	Main	N	2	10.00	100%	0%	0%
Great Lakes	Main	N	5	18.00	100%	80%	0%
Lower Mid-Atlantic	Main	N	5	22.00	100%	100%	20%
Upper Mid-Atlantic (1)	Main	N	7	17.14	86%	71%	14%
Upper Mid-Atlantic (2)	Main	N	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
Lower Midwest	Main	N	4	22.50	100%	100%	25%
Upper Midwest	Main	N	9	16.67	89%	78%	0%
North	Main	N	3	16.67	100%	67%	0%
Northwest	Main	N	4	20.00	100%	75%	25%
South Central	Main	N	5	14.00	60%	60%	20%
Southeast	Main	N	6	13.33	83%	50%	0%
UK	Main	N	2	5.00	50%	0%	0%
Upstate NY	Main	N	2	15.00	100%	50%	0%

Data


Stanford A	Berkeley Skeleton King	10	0	10	20
UCSC	Berkeley Little Prince	0	0	10	10
Berkeley Boss Bandit	Berkeley Archer Queen	0	0	10	10
Stanford B	Berkeley Mighty Miner	10	0	10	20
Claremont A	UCLA B	10	0	10	20
UCSD A	UCLA A	10	0	10	20
UC Santa Barbara	UCLA F	0	0	10	10
UCSD B	UCLA D	10	0	10	20
Claremont B	USC A	0	0	10	10
Claremont C	USC B	10	0	10	20
Ottawa A	McGill A	0	0	0	0
McGill B	McGill C	10	0	10	20
Carleton B	McGill E	10	0	10	20
Ottawa D	Ottawa B	0	0	10	10
Carleton A	Ottawa C	0	0	10	10
Brock A	Toronto I	0	0	0	0
Guelph A	McMaster B	0	0	10	10
Queen's A	McMaster C	10	0	10	20
McMaster A	Toronto A	10	0	10	20
Toronto B	Toronto D	0	0	10	10
Toronto G	Waterloo C	10	0	0	10
Toronto H	Toronto F	0	0	0	0
Toronto C	Waterloo A	10	0	10	20
Waterloo B	Toronto E	0	0	10	10
Florida Tech A	Florida A	0	0	0	0
UCF A	Florida B	10	0	10	20
Florida Tech B	Florida State A	0	0	0	0
CWRU A	Michigan D	10	0	10	20
CWRU B	CWRU C	10	0	10	20
CWRU D	Michigan State A	0	0	0	0
Kentucky	Michigan State D	10	0	10	20
Louisville A	Louisville B	10	0	10	20
Louisville D	Ohio State D	10	0	10	20
Michigan C	Louisville C	0	0	0	0
Michigan State B	Ohio State C	0	0	0	0
Michigan A	Michigan State C	0	0	10	10
Ohio State B	Pittsburgh	10	0	0	10
Ohio State A	WVU B	0	0	10	10
William & Mary B	Duke A	0	0	0	0
JMU B	Liberty C	0	0	0	0
NCSU A	Virginia Tech B	10	0	10	20
Tusculum A	NCSU B	0	0	0	0
William & Mary A	UNC A	10	0	10	20
UNC C	UNC D	0	0	0	0
VCU A	Virginia Tech C	10	0	10	20
Virginia A	Virginia Tech A	10	0	10	20
William & Mary C	JMU A	0	0	0	0
Stony Brook	George Mason C	10	0	10	20
Columbia A	Johns Hopkins	0	0	10	10
NYU C	Lehigh B	0	0	0	0
Maryland C	Lehigh A	0	0	10	10
NYU A	George Mason B	10	0	10	20
Penn	Vassar B	0	0	10	10
Princeton	Maryland A	10	0	10	20
Rowan	Columbia B	0	0	0	0
Vassar A	Rutgers A	0	0	10	10
Maryland B	Rutgers B	0	0	10	10
Rutgers C	NYU B	0	0	10	10
George Mason A	Rutgers D	10	0	10	20
Illinois Blue	Illinois Canada	10	0	10	20
WashU Grizzlers	Chicago B	0	0	10	10
Purdue C	Illinois Orange	10	0	10	20
Illinois Urbana	Iowa A	0	0	0	0
Indiana A	Purdue B	0	0	10	10
Chicago A	Indiana B	10	0	10	20
Purdue D	Iowa B	0	0	10	10
WashU Grolars	Rose-Hulman A	10	0	10	20
William Woods University A	Illinois Champaign	0	0	10	10
Williams B	Amherst A	10	0	10	20
Tufts B	Boston College A	0	0	10	10
Vermont A	Boston College B	0	0	0	0
Boston University B	Brandeis Beethoven	10	10	10	30
Vermont B	Brandeis Mozart	10	0	10	20
Brown A	Tufts C	10	0	10	20
Amherst B	Dartmouth A	0	0	10	10
Dartmouth B	Boston University A	10	0	10	20
Dartmouth C	MIT B	0	0	0	0
Tufts A	UConn A	10	0	10	20
Southern Connecticut State University A	Williams A	0	0	0	0
Williams C	Brandeis Bach	0	0	0	0
British Columbia C	Arizona State A	0	0	10	10
Washington Sockeye	Boise State	0	0	0	0
British Columbia A	Washington Atlantic	0	0	0	0
British Columbia B	Alberta A	0	0	10	10
Texas	Arizona State B	0	0	0	0
Washington Chinook	Washington Coho	10	0	10	20
Alberta B	Washington Masu	0	0	10	10
Washington State	Washington Pink	10	0	10	20
Iowa State	St. Thomas	0	0	10	10
Wisconsin A	Macalester	10	0	10	20
Wisconsin B	Wisconsin C	0	0	10	10
Central Oklahoma B	Rose State	0	0	0	0
Kansas State A	Harding	10	0	10	20
Tulsa A	Nebraska C	10	0	10	20
Kansas State B	Tulsa B	0	0	0	0
Nebraska A	Murray State College B	0	0	0	0
Murray State College A	Nebraska B	0	0	10	10
Oklahoma	Central Oklahoma A	0	0	10	10
Alabama A	Clemson A	10	0	10	20
Auburn B	Tennessee Tech	10	0	10	20
Auburn C	Vanderbilt B	0	0	0	0
Clemson B	Tennessee B	0	0	10	10
Georgia Tech F	Emory A	10	0	10	20
Georgia A	Georgia Tech E	0	0	0	0
Georgia Tech A	South Carolina A	10	0	10	20
Georgia Tech B	Auburn A	0	0	10	10
Sewanne	Georgia Tech D	0	0	0	0
Tennessee A	Georgia Tech C	10	0	10	20
Vanderbilt A	Chipola College	10	0	10	20
Mississippi State A	Vanderbilt C	0	0	10	10
Durham A	Durham B	10	0	10	20
Durham C	Edinburgh A	0	0	10	10
Sheffield A	Durham D	0	0	10	10
Edinburgh C	Sheffield B	0	0	10	10
York	Edinburgh B	0	0	10	10
Cambridge A	Southampton	0	0	10	10
Cardiff	Bristol	10	0	10	20
Oxford	Cambridge E	0	0	0	0
Cambridge D	Imperial A	10	0	10	20
Cambridge B	Imperial C	10	0	10	20
Imperial B	Imperial D	0	0	10	10
Warwick	LSE	10	0	10	20
Cornell B	Binghamton B	0	0	10	10
Cornell A	Cornell C	10	0	10	20
Cornell D	Binghamton A	0	0	10	10
RIT B	ESF	0	0	10	10
RIT A	Rochester	10	0	10	20
Birmingham	Cambridge C	0	0	10	10