General relativity predicts that photons leaving a gravitational potential well lose energy and experience this phenomenon, whose cosmological form occurs due to the expansion of the universe. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this phenomenon that occurs classically when a light source moves away from an observer.
ANSWER: redshift [accept gravitational redshift or cosmological redshift; prompt on Doppler shift or Doppler effect]
[10h] This quantity for a gravitational wave source is degenerate with redshift, so it can only be measured if the distance is known. This quantity determines the rate of binary inspiral to first order, and it equals reduced mass to the three-fifths power times total mass to the two-fifths power.
ANSWER: chirp mass
[10m] The mass of an individual pulsar in a binary system is also degenerate with redshift. However, it can be inferred from the time delay that this American physicist theorized as a fourth test of general relativity.
ANSWER: Irwin Shapiro [accept Shapiro time delay]
<FW, Physics>