A cottage industry of journalists have posited explanations like a focus on nature interactions for Finland’s dramatic decline in performance on this assessment. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this OECD educational assessment of 15-year-old students, whose three categories of mathematics, science, and reading were recently topped by Singapore.
ANSWER: PISA [or Programme for International Student Assessment]
[10m] The individual-level results reported by PISA are called “plausible values” because they are produced by this procedure. To deal with missing variables in surveys, Donald Rubin developed a “multiple” form of this procedure.
ANSWER: imputation [accept imputed data]
[10e] To account for over- or undersampling of subsets of the student population, PISA generates these values that capture how influential a data point should be in the nationally-representative point estimate. Excel’s SUMPRODUCT can be used to compute an “average” that takes these values into account.
ANSWER: survey weights [accept weighted average]
<CS, Social Science>