This philosophical tradition recognized perception, inference, comparison, and testimony as the four valid pramāṇa, or ways of knowing. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this tradition whose “New” form, developed by medieval scholars like Udayanācārya (“oo-DUH-yuh-nah-CHAHR-yuh”), synthesized its ideas with the Vaiśeṣika (“vye-SHAY-shik-uh”) school. This tradition was founded by Akṣapāda Gautama.
ANSWER: Nyāya [accept Navya-Nyāya or New Nyāya]
[10h] This fourteenth-century New Nyāya philosopher wrote that the pramāṇa of perception incorporates apperception, by which we can know the “objecthood” of mental states. This “Great Professor” wrote the Tattva·chintāmaṇi, also known as the Jewel.
ANSWER: Gaṅgeśa (“gun-GAY-shuh”)
[10e] Most Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika philosophy was developed in commentaries on the traditions’ founding texts, which are in this form. A text in this form uses a parable about a burning house to illustrate the principle of “skillful means.”
ANSWER: sūtras [accept Nyāya Sūtra, Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, Lotus Sūtra, or Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtram]
<MB, Philosophy>