These structures’ epithelium is the origin of the canine-derived MDCK cell line. Two portions of these non-intestine structures can be distinguished by the presence of brush border cells. Necrosis in these structures produces “muddy brown casts.” (10[1])These structures are regulated by an apparatus composed of lacis (“LAY-siss”) cells, JG cells, and the macula densa. Filtration slits connect these (10[1])structures (10[1])to capillaries (10[1])in (10[1]-5[1])foot processes controlled by podocytes. (10[1])The MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault (10[1])equations measure (10[1])creatinine (“cree-AT-uh-neen”) clearance (10[2]-5[1])through (10[1])these structures. (10[3]-5[1])The cortical (10[3])and (10[1])juxtamedullary types of these structures (10[1])are distinguished based on the length of the loop of Henle, (10[3]-5[1])and use (10[1])countercurrent (10[1])multiplication (10[1])to concentrate (10[1])urine. (10[1])For 10 points, (10[1])name these functional units of the kidney. (10[1])■END■ (10[4]0[1])