sphingomyelin AND lecithin - 2025 ACF Regionals

Question

Two answers required. A baby’s lungs are considered mature if the ratio between these two molecules is more than 2-to-1. For 10 points each:

[10h] Name these two compounds. One of these compounds is found in the lipid that surrounds nerve cell axons, and the other is a type of amphiphilic yellow-brown fatty substance found in animal tissue.

ANSWER: sphingomyelin AND lecithin (“LESS-uh-thin”) [accept lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio; prompt on L/S ratio; prompt on partial answers; reject “myelin”]

[10e] The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio is tested using this substance. This liquid fills the “sac” around a fetus.

ANSWER: amniotic fluid [accept amniotic sac]

[10m] The centesis of amniotic fluid to test genetic material is usually safer than a “chorionic sampling” procedure named for these structures. These structures can atrophy from inflammation due to conditions like celiac disease.

ANSWER: villi [accept microvilli; accept chorionic villus sampling]

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Summary


California	2025-02-01	Y	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
Florida	2025-02-01	Y	1	20.00	100%	100%	0%
Lower Mid-Atlantic	2025-02-01	Y	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
Midwest	2025-02-01	Y	6	16.67	100%	50%	17%
North	2025-02-01	Y	3	13.33	100%	33%	0%
Northeast	2025-02-01	Y	5	10.00	80%	20%	0%
Overflow	2025-02-01	Y	5	8.00	80%	0%	0%
South Central	2025-02-01	Y	2	15.00	100%	50%	0%
Southeast	2025-02-01	Y	4	12.50	100%	25%	0%
UK	2025-02-01	Y	10	17.00	100%	70%	0%
Upper Mid-Atlantic	2025-02-01	Y	8	15.00	100%	50%	0%
Upstate NY	2025-02-01	Y	2	20.00	100%	50%	50%

Data


Chicago D	Illinois B	0	10	0	10
Chicago C	Illinois C	0	10	10	20
Winona State	Wisconsin B	0	10	10	20
UMass Boston	BU	0	0	0	0
Notre Dame C	Northwestern A	0	10	0	10
Northwestern B	Notre Dame B	0	10	0	10
Texas A	Texas B	0	10	0	10
Alabama A	Louisville A	0	10	0	10
Georgia Tech A	Georgia Tech C	0	10	0	10
Cambridge A	Cambridge E	0	10	10	20
Cambridge B	Warwick B	0	10	10	20
NYU A	Columbia B	0	10	0	10
Columbia C	Haverford A	0	10	10	20
Maryland A	John Jay College	0	10	0	10
Johns Hopkins A	Vassar A	0	10	10	20
Maryland B	Penn A	0	10	10	20
Florida A	Florida State A	0	10	10	20
Virginia Tech A	Duke	0	10	0	10
Liberty B	UNC B	0	10	0	10
Virginia A	South Carolina	0	10	10	20
Chicago A	Illinois A	10	10	10	30
Indiana B	Indiana A	0	10	0	10
WashU B	Missouri	0	10	10	20
Missoui S&T	WashU A	0	10	0	10
ASU	TAMU	0	10	10	20
Vanderbilt A	Tennessee A	0	10	0	10
Georgia Tech D	Bruin A	0	10	10	20
Cambridge C	Warwick A	0	10	10	20
Cambridge D	Bristol	0	10	0	10
Oxford B	Durham	0	10	10	20
NYU C	Imperial A	0	10	0	10
NYU B	Yale A	0	10	0	10
George Washington B	Penn B	0	10	0	10
Rutgers A	George Washington A	0	10	10	20
Cornell D	Binghamton A	0	10	10	20
Cornell C	RIT B	10	10	0	20
Claremont A	Claremont B	0	10	0	10
UC Berkeley A	UC Berkeley B	0	10	10	20
UCLA	UCSD	0	10	0	10
Carleton	Minnesota B	0	10	0	10
Iowa State	Wisconsin A	0	10	0	10
Harvard A	Brandeis A	0	10	0	10
Brandeis B	Harvard B	0	10	0	10
Dartmouth A	Brown A	0	10	0	10
MIT A	Tufts A	0	10	10	20
Georgetown B	Purdue	0	0	0	0
Iowa	Georgetown A	0	10	0	10
Stanford B	Notre Dame A	0	10	0	10
LSE	Oxford C	0	10	10	20
Imperial B	Sheffield	0	10	0	10
Southampton A	Oxford A	0	10	10	20
Manchester	Southampton B	0	10	10	20