These physical entities can be found by applying the Lanczos (“LANT-sosh”) algorithm in the activation-relaxation technique. Identification of these entities often requires introducing a “fudge factor” transmission coefficient (10[1])to account for reversals from quantum tunneling. The one imaginary frequency of these entities’ normal mode (10[1])can be found using the (10[1])STQN method developed by Peng and Schlegel. These entities can be analyzed (-5[1])by measuring differences in path length created by a beam splitter, as pioneered in (-5[1])experiments on cyanogen (-5[1])iodide by Ahmed Zewail. (10[3])These (10[1])entities, (10[2])which can (10[1])be analyzed (10[2])with laser pulses in femtochemistry, (10[1])resemble the species they are closest (10[1])to (10[1])in free energy according to Hammond’s (10[1])postulate. (10[2])For 10 (10[1])points, (10[1])saddle points on a potential energy surface (-5[1])represent what species, which are the highest energy states of a (-5[1])reaction? ■END■ (10[2]0[2])