To study these events, the Langley trajectory model may be combined with CALIOP (“kuh-LIE-oh-pee”) data to estimate the “injection height” of a substance associated with them. The VPD and ERC are metrics used to predict the dynamics of these events, which are monitored in real-time through the 3.9- and 10.8-micrometer channels. The Van Wagner and Rothermel models may be used by FARSITE software to simulate “spotting” that occurs during these events. Features called snags increase the probability of these events, which are the most common mechanism for the formation of hydrophobic soil. The (*) NWS may issue PDS red flag warnings (10[1])for these events, which come in ground, surface, crown, and understory types. These events may paradoxically be exacerbated through their namesake suppression. For 10 points, name these events commonly initiated when lightning strikes dry vegetation. ■END■