Ángel Rama’s magnum opus traces Latin American history through a “city” named for this trait that was ordered, modernized, then revolutionized. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this trait, the focus of a “crusade” run by brigadistas in 1980s Sandinista Nicaragua in imitation of an eight-month effort in 1960s Cuba.
ANSWER: literacy [accept being lettered or word forms of being literate; accept reading or writing; accept antonyms like illiteracy; accept The Lettered City or La ciudad letrada, Nicaraguan literacy campaign, Cuban literacy campaign, or Campaña Nacional de Alfabetización]
[10h] The Lettered City notes how the enthusiasm for this ideology among letrados like Francisco Giner influenced Hipólito Yrigoyen (“ee-PO-lee-toh ee-ree-GO-shen”). This regenerationist ideology named for an otherwise-obscure German idealist was all the rage in Restoration Spain and 19th-century Latin America.
ANSWER: Krausism [or Krausismo; or Krausistas; accept answers about Karl Christian Friedrich Krause’s thought]
[10e] Rama took the term “transculturation” from a Fernando Ortiz book that allegorically contrasts tobacco and this crop. The Year of the Lash revolts and the Demerara rebellion began on plantations of this industry.
ANSWER: sugar [or azúcar; or sugarcane; or Saccharum] (Rama’s concept is “narrative transculturation.” Ortiz’s book is Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar.)
<JB, World History>