One component of these structures can be repaired using Vortok coils. It’s not related to soil, but the Winkler model can be used to analyze the load on these structures, which are protected from deformation by stressing. Historically, these objects had a (-5[1])“bullhead,” Vignoles, or Barlow shape. Pandrol develops fasteners used on these (15[1]-5[1])objects. Different objects located on top of these structures can display hunting oscillations. These non-racetrack structures are often (-5[1])(*) canted to reduce the radius required for (10[1])turns, which (-5[1])results in a (-5[1])difference in crosslevel. The ties and (10[2])sleepers (10[1])that connect (10[1])these (10[1])structures lie on (10[3])ballast. Four feet, eight and a half (-5[1])inches is the standard (-5[1])distance, or (10[1])gauge, between these structures. For 10 (10[1])points, the rolling stock of (10[1])Norfolk Southern runs on what (10[1])long metal (10[2])structures? (10[7])■END■