This concept is represented by a set of structural equations developed by Halpern and Pearl. Houdini observing a coin flip is used to demonstrate the impossibility of one form of this concept in Max Black’s“bilking argument.” The example of a sergeant shouting is used to demonstrate how “trumping” can lead to a“redundant” form of this concept by David Lewis, who proposed analyzing this concept in terms of (*) counterfactuals. David Hume asserted (10[1])we (-5[1])understand this (-5[1])relation merely through “constant conjunction.” (10[1])Aristotle’s (10[2])Metaphysics proposed (10[2])the formal, final, material, (10[2])and (10[1])efficient types (10[2])of this relation. For (10[1])10 (-5[1])points, Hume (10[1])used striking billiard balls to analyze what relation (10[1])that (10[2])can lead (10[1])to (10[1])an effect, not to be confused with (10[1])correlation? ■END■ (10[1])