Modifying an earlier statement, Pál Turán noted that weak forms of this substance are “only suitable for lemmas.” For 10 points each:
[10m] A habit of Paul Erdős and a pun on the German word satz may have inspired Alfréd Rényi’s quip that “a mathematician is a machine for turning” what substance “into theorems?”
ANSWER: coffee
[10e] The Scottish Café was a meeting place for mathematicians of topology and functional analysis from this country’s Lwów School, which grew in parallel to its Kraków and Warsaw schools.
ANSWER: Poland [or Republic of Poland or Rzeczpospolita Polska] (Lwów was in Poland at the time, but is located in modern-day Ukraine.)
[10h] Allegedly, stirring a cup of coffee inspired this man to formulate a namesake statement in algebraic topology, which he later used to prove the invariance of domain. This man argued in favor of intuitionism over the formalist “program” of David Hilbert in a 1920s debate.
ANSWER: Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer [or L. E. J. Brouwer]
<RK, Other Academic>