Aluísio Azevedo’s novel O Mulato brought this movement to Brazil, where Machado de Assis denounced its lurid influence on Eça de Queiróz (“AY-suh dee kay-ROSH”). For 10 points each:
[10e] Name this literary movement whose determinism was criticized by the realists Leopoldo Alas and Juan Valera. Claude Bernard’s physiology influenced its elaboration by Émile Zola.
ANSWER: naturalism [or naturalist literature; or naturalisme or naturalismo or naturalistes]
[10h] In The Pressing Question, this Spanish countess advocated a uniquely hispanophone naturalism. She adopted naturalism’s poor protagonists in The Tribune and its frank sexuality in The House of Ulloa (“oo-YO-ah”).
ANSWER: Emilia Pardo Bazán [or Emilia Pardo Bazán y de la Rúa-Figueroa; prompt on Bazán]
[10m] Zola’s Rougon-Macquart influenced Benito Pérez Galdós’s 46 National Episodes, whose first novel is mostly set in these places. Gilliatt (“gill-YAHT”) seeks an engine in one of these places in a novel written during Victor Hugo’s exile.
ANSWER: ships [or boats; accept shipwrecks; accept fleets or armadas or navy or word forms; accept decks or sterns or other parts of ships; accept galleys, galleons, steamships, or other specific ships; accept high seas or open ocean; prompt on vessels] (The unnamed novels are Trafalgar and Toilers of the Sea. Hugo was exiled to Guernsey.)
<European Literature>