Muhammad Iqbāl rooted this concept’s “intellectual revolt” in the anticlassical “spirit of the Qur’ān” in a critique of Oswald Spengler. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this concept identified with Kali Yuga by Julius Evola, who called for a “revolt” against it. Charles Taylor identified the individualism of self-fulfillment as a “malaise” of this concept.
ANSWER: modernity [or word forms of modernism; accept modern civilization or modern science; accept Revolt Against the Modern World; prompt on civilization or science; reject “postmodernism” or “Western civilization” or “the West”]
[10h] This traditionalist scholar of Ṣūfīsm critiqued materialist science in The Crisis of the Modern World. This French perennialist wrote that “counterinitiation” can invert the authentic Advaita Vedanta.
ANSWER: René Guénon [or René Jean-Marie-Joseph Guénon; or Abd al-Wāḥid Yaḥiā or Abdalwahid Yahia] (Guénon’s idea of unicité, or “unity of Existence,” derives from the Ṣūfī concept of waḥdat al-wujūd.)
[10e] Following Guénon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr argued that modernity strips nature of this quality and defined its perennial “science of the Real.” Mircea Eliade contrasted this forbidden quality with worldly spaces.
ANSWER: sacredness [or sacrality, sacrum, sacré, or sacru; accept scientia sacra or sacred science; accept The Sacred and the Profane; accept resacralization or desacralization or word forms of sacralize; prompt on holy, holiness, blessed, or blessing; reject “enchantment” or “magic”]
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