John Eshelby introduced a type of “force” named for this word, which he contrasted with “standard forces,” in his studies of the evolution of an elastic inclusion. For 10 points each:
[10m] What word also names a space used to plot the generalized coordinates, but [emphasize] not the momenta, of a physical system? This word refers to a particular set of positions of the points in a system.
ANSWER: configuration [or configurational; accept configurational forces or configuration space or configurations]
[10e] Configurational forces can be used to explain the J-integral, which gives the energy released by these things as they expand. “Brittle” examples of these features form without significant plastic deformation beforehand.
ANSWER: fractures [or cracks; accept brittle fractures or brittle cracks; prompt on breaks or similar descriptions]
[10h] The two stress tensors of this name respectively give the stresses in either the deformed or reference configuration with respect to unit areas in the reference configuration.
ANSWER: Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors [or PK stress tensors; accept PK1 stress tensor or PK2 stress tensor]
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