Description acceptable. The engineer Charles Minard used an early example of a Sankey diagram to visualize the number of soldiers’ lives lost during this military campaign. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this campaign, which Michael Barclay de Tolly opposed using an unpopular scorched-earth strategy. During this campaign, Joachim Murat took command of the defeated army after its general departed by sled.
ANSWER: Napoleon’s invasion of Russia [or the French invasion of Russia or the Russian campaign or the Patriotic War of 1812; accept any description of Napoleon’s army invading the Russian Empire]
[10e] In another example of data visualization, Abraham Wald used red dots on diagrams to show where these machines could sustain damage. Spitfires and Messerschmitts were examples of these machines.
ANSWER: aircraft [or aeroplanes; accept fighter planes or bombers]
[10m] This person pioneered the use of polar area diagrams during the Crimean War, before establishing a namesake school at St. Thomas’ Hospital.
ANSWER: Florence Nightingale
<European History>