This notation was first codified in a treatise by Franco of Cologne, which summarized six rhythmic modes in which the duration of notes is determined only in context. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this type of notation that used namesake "signs," such as a "C" and a circle with a dot in it, to signal how to interpret rhythms. In this notation, the maxima and longa were used as rhythmic values.
ANSWER: mensural notation
[10e] Mensural notation was used for vocal music with this musical texture, in which multiple independent voices sing in counterpoint.
ANSWER: polyphony [or polyphonic texture]
[10m] A circle was used in mensural notation to denote mensurations described by this term. This quality describes an authentic cadence in which chords are in the root position and the tonic is the highest voice in the final chord.
ANSWER: perfect [or perfect authentic cadence]
<Noah Sheidlower, Auditory Fine Arts>