A logical error named for this activity has an “inverse” form that Ian Hacking identified in some arguments against the “fine-tuned universe.” A philosopher solved this activity’s “problem of points” before giving it up due to his religious “night of fire.” This activity appears to offer infinite expected utility in the St. Petersburg Paradox. This activity names a (*) fallacy that occurs when one believes (10[1])that the probability of an event is changed by the outcome of past (0[1])trials. An argument named for this action appears in the Pensées and uses an early form of decision theory to establish the rationality of theism. For 10 points, Blaise Pascal analogized believing in God to what general activity of risking money in games of chance? ■END■ (10[1])