Lal Zimman argues that differences attributed to this variable are instead "stylistic bricolage" in a paper studying the change in fundamental frequency of some voices. The "Jocks and Burnouts" study found that social circles and this variable affected teens' participation in the (10[1])Northern Cities Shift. This variable's "paradox" notes that certain people conform more to overtly prescribed norms but less to non-overtly prescribed norms. Class, age, and this variable correlate strongly with participation in language change from below. Among young Americans, this variable affects how often vocal fry is used. Robin Lakoff described (10[1])this variable's effect on the use of tag questions, super-polite (10[1])forms, and uptalk, perhaps due to patriarchal power dynamics. (10[2]-5[1])For 10 points, name this variable (10[1])that early linguistic studies conflated with sex. ■END■ (10[3])