The Legendre symbol is positive when the top number is one of these values modulo the bottom number. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name these values that appear as solutions to their namesake equations in modular arithmetic. A number a is one of these values modulo p if a is congruent to a perfect square modulo p.
ANSWER: quadratic residues
[10e] This man was the first to prove the law of quadratic reciprocity. He also proved the constructability of the heptadecagon and apocryphally summed the integers from 1 to 100 in minutes as a child.
ANSWER: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
[10m] This mathematician is the namesake of a generalization of the Legendre symbol and also names a matrix of partial derivatives used when performing a change of variables.
ANSWER: Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
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