Niko Kolodny and John MacFarlane’s “Ifs and Oughts” popularized this thinker’s dilemma about miners trapped in one of two flooding shafts from his unpublished paper “What We Together Do.” In a book, he imagined a Russian nobleman who creates a contract (15[1])to ensure his future-self is unable to avoid giving away (15[1])his estate. (-5[1])That book by this thinker promotes a “critical present aim theory” over the “self-interest theory,” which he argues is “directly collectively (*) self-defeating.” This thinker used the example of a 14-year old girl who must decide between her child never existing (10[1])or it having a “bad start in life” to illustrate the non-identity problem. (-5[1])That example appears (10[1])in a book (-5[1])in which this thinker argues a “mere addition” produces a preference (10[1])for larger (10[1])populations of less happy people. For 10 points, name this philosopher who discussed the “repugnant (10[1])conclusion” in his book Reasons and Persons. ■END■ (10[2])