Answer the following about medieval Christian views of Islam, for 10 points each.
[10e] According to a controversial study by Patricia Crone, Byzantine writers referred to early Muslims by a name derived from this Biblical character. This handmaiden was the mother, by Abraham, of Ishmael.
ANSWER: Hagar [or Hajar]
[10h] In medieval texts, Muslims are depicted as worshiping Muhammad, Apollo, and a god with this name. Possibly deriving from a word meaning “thrice-wandering,” this word later became a synonym for “virago.”
ANSWER: Termagant [or Tervagante]
[10m] Description acceptable. John of Damascus classified Islam as a form of Arianism and attacked it, especially, for this belief. The “substitution theory,” a form of this belief, is exemplified by al-Tabari’s account of God transforming the appearances of seventeen disciples.
ANSWER: Jesus didn’t die on the cross [or equivalents specifying that the Crucifixion was an illusion; or God saving Jesus from the Crucifixion; accept Jesus ascending to Heaven alive; prompt on Jesus not being divine, Jesus not being the son of God, or Jesus not being resurrected; accept Isa in place of Jesus]
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