Rosemary Joyce argued that the lack of distinctive features on the biconical proto-Villanovan types of these objects suggests a cultural de-emphasis on social hierarchies. For 10 points each:
[10e] Name these objects whose burial in open fields names a Bronze Age culture that preceded the Hallstatt. Cremated ashes are often stored in the funerary type of these objects that the Romans collected in columbaria.
ANSWER: urns [or funerary urns or cinerary urns or burial urns; accept Urnfield culture; prompt on vases or jars or containers or vessels or amphorae or kraters; prompt on pottery or ceramics]
[10h] The use of this luxury material in necklaces marked the emergence of elite funerary traditions in later Villanovan burials. Pliny notes that this material came to the Po Valley not from the mythical Eridanos River, but from the Baltic Sea via its namesake road.
ANSWER: amber [or yellow amber; accept Amber Road; accept resinite; accept electrum or elektron; accept glaesum; accept gintaras; accept jantar; prompt on tree resin; prompt on fossils; reject “gray amber”]
[10m] These people’s tomb effigies such as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses were influenced by the burial traditions of their Villanovan predecessors. Emperor Claudius wrote a now-lost history of these people titled Tyrrhenika.
ANSWER: Etruscans [or Etruscan civilization; accept Etruscī or Etruscae; accept Etrurians or Etrurii; accept Rasenna or Raśna; accept Tuscī or Tuscus]
<Other History>