Ultraviolet divergences resulting from these structures are corrected using renormalization. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name these structures that can arise due to vacuum polarization, such as during annihilation and pair production. Diagrams that do not contain any of these structures are called forests.
ANSWER: loops [accept one-loop Feynman diagrams; prompt on cycles]
[10m] One-loop Feynman diagrams are used to describe phenomena in this theory. The 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Tomonoga, Schwinger, and Feynman for developing this theory that has gauge group U(1) (“U-one”).
ANSWER: quantum electrodynamics [or QED]
[10e] Vacuum polarization from the self-energy of these particles corresponds to one-loop diagrams in QED. Electron–positron annihilation generates these particles, which are the quanta of light.
ANSWER: photons [prompt on gamma rays]
<Physics>