A conceptualist philosopher with this first name argued that all acts of cognition place the cognized object into a state called esse apparens (“AY-say AHP-pah-renss”), or “apparent existence.” A philosopher with this first name argued that it is not possible for God to undo the past, but it is possible for God to restore the virginity of a woman, in his treatise De divina omnipotentia (“day dee-VEE-nah ahm-nee-poh-TEN-tee-ah”). Another philosopher with this first name is best known for a book that was divided into “distinctions” by Alexander of Hales (“hails”). That book by a 12th-century philosopher with this first name was the subject of commentaries by Duns Scotus, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (“uh-QUINE-us”), and many others, since it was a standard theological textbook during the Middle Ages. For 10 points, give this first name of the author of the Four Books of Sentences, whose last name was Lombard. ■END■
ANSWER: Peter [or Petrus; or Pierre; or Pietro; accept Peter Lombard or Petrus Lombardus or Pierre Lombard; accept Peter Damian or Petrus Damianus; accept Peter Auriol or Petrus Aureolus]
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= Average correct buzz position