These models simulate fluid flow and heat transport between a series of vertical and horizontal grids on the Earth. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name these numerical models that are ubiquitous in climate research. Two-thirds of the 2021 Physics Nobel Prize was awarded for work done with these numerical models that are commonly referred to by a three-letter initialism.
ANSWER: general circulation models [or GCMs; accept global climate models or global circulation models; prompt on stochastic climate models by asking “what broader class of models?”] (The Nobel laureates referenced are Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann.)
[10h] The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report notes that many GCMs produce unlikely values for this quantity. Transient climate response is similar to this quantity, which measures the long-term response of a model to a doubling of CO2 concentration.
ANSWER: equilibrium climate sensitivity [prompt on ECS]
[10e] Nobel laureate Syukuro Manabe used an equilibrium between this process and convection to design GCMs. This heat transfer process is the biggest energy influx to Earth.
ANSWER: radiation [or thermal radiation; or radiative heat transfer; accept solar radiation; accept radiative–convective equilibrium models; prompt on sunlight]
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